The How Many Problem can be expressed like this:
How many individuals does god
need (or want) to save? How many sentient beings are justifiably cast
into hell in order to achieve this goal?
I'll just clarify a few things:
It is standard christian theology that the god wants to save
individuals, without this the sacrifice of Jesus would be meaningless. Even in judaism and islam you have the concept of prophets who
are instructed by their god to pass on a message of salvation to the faithful.
The actual method of salvation is immaterial. It could be via simple belief, rebirth
baptism, grace or "coming to know and love god". Whatever the
mechanism, which could be far more subtle and complex than the examples given,
this doesn't change the requirement to save individuals.
The nature of salvation is immaterial. It could be floating around on clouds with a
harp, it could be bodily resurrection, it could be something more ethereal,
just not being in hell or, again, something more subtle and complex than
these. What matters is that this salvation is apparently important - to
the god.
We know that one individual saved does not appear to be
sufficient - Adam and Eve could have sufficed, Jesus could have sufficed,
Jesus' acolytes could have sufficed, thousands of early christians could have
sufficed. Even today, with billions of christians, there is still an
apparent need to seek more converts (and presumably more saved).
The god in question is apparently omniscient and omnipotent
and, in some readings, unchanging in its nature. Therefore, the idea that
anything is served by having billions upon billions of imperfect humans
interacting with it is problematic. Nevertheless, this is an aspect of
the christian creed. The question remains - how many is enough, what
figure does the thinking theist settle on and why is this large number (at
least in the billions) better than the number that immediately follows it?
The nature of hell is immaterial (as in it doesn’t matter
what the nature is, I am not claiming here that hell has a particular nature).
Perhaps it is all fire and brimstone, perhaps it is a long cold dark time spent
away from god, perhaps it's just like this earth with all the joy and happiness
sucked out of it - forever - or perhaps it is something more subtle and complex
than that. The point I am alluding to here is that those sentient beings who
are not saved are apparently destined for some sort of hell (and not simple
oblivion) and they will suffer there, at least for some longish period of time
if not literally for a future eternity. This is an ultimate problem of
evil that is not solved by appealing to the greater good of saving some maximal
number of souls, because the souls in hell are already damned.
The theist, to respond to this problem must identify a
number, or a possible mechanism for setting a number, of individuals to be
saved.
If this cannot be done, then the conclusion is that the god
would need (or want) an infinite number of saved individuals. It would further
follow that, with any percentage failure rate higher than zero as the god
churns through the souls in attempt to save them, there would be an infinite
number of damned individuals.
To avoid that, we arrive at theological zombies. But
theological zombies bring their own problems (deception on the part of god, an emptiness
on the part of the soul in the process of being saved in a universe otherwise
inhabited by theological zombies, the level of imperfection of the soul in the
process of being saved if this world is the best possible world
in which it would be saved).
So, again, I ask the question: how many?
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